Phytochemical characterisation, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro toxicity of Richardia brasiliensis gomes crude extracts.

Richardia brasiliensis is a species used in folk medicine and rich in active compounds. In this study, the extracts were submitted to UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and total polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids assays. Besides, it was determined its antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress markers and toxicological profile. Fourteen polyphenols were found and, in the dosages, a slight change in the concentrations in each extract was observed. Regarding the antioxidant capacity, the responses were different in the methods used. There was an increase in lipid peroxidation, and NO, however total ROS remained unchanged. The cells remained more than 90% viable and the extracts did not cause damage to single strands of DNA, with the exception of the crude autumn and spring extracts at 500 µg/mL. The results found in this study suggest that extracts are potentially toxic to human leukocyte cells in high concentrations; however, more studies should be performed in different cell lines.

Richardia brasiliensis Gomes: phytochemical characterization, antiproliferative capacity and in vitro and in vivo toxicity.

Richardia brasiliensis, known as poaia branca, is a medicinal species widely distributed throughout Brazil and used in folk medicine. However, studies on its toxicity are practically non-existent, and little is known about its biological activity. This study aimed to investigate its phytochemical compounds, assess its in vitro and in vivo toxicities, and determine its antiproliferative activity. UHPLC-ESI-HRFTMS performed the phytochemical characterization, and the antiproliferative activity was analyzed in different tumor cell lines. In vitro toxicity was evaluated in PBMC cells, and in vivo acute and repeated dose toxicity was evaluated according to OECD guidelines. It was identified alkaloids and terpenes as significant compounds. Regarding its antiproliferative activity, the human melanoma strain decreased its viability by about 95%. In vitro toxicity showed that the extracts maintained the viability of PBMCs; however, higher concentrations were able to increase the production of dsDNA quantity. In vivo tests showed no mortality nor signs of toxicity; the alterations found in hematological and biochemical parameters are within the standards for the species. The results indicate that R. brasiliensis has a good effect against the tumor cell line; still, more studies on its toxicity at higher concentrations are needed.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis and evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects of Plinia peruviana leaves: an in vitro approach.

Plinia peruviana (Poir.) Govaerts (Myrtaceae) occurs from Pará to Rio Grande do Sul states, Brazil. The leaf extract of this species was investigated. The total of polyphenols and flavonoid contents were determined by spectrophotometric techniques. Antioxidant activity by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and anti-proliferative activity was tested against the MCF-7 and HeLa lines. The amount of polyphenols from the lyophilized extract was 944 ± 0.0856 mg GAE/g, moreover, total flavonoid content of the extract of 531.8 ± 0.0040 mg RE/g extract. This study performed the first pharmacological exploration of the leaves of P. peruviana. Our results demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects of this specie on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. This makes this specie an interesting medicinal plant for human epithelial cervical cancer and human breast cancer anti-proliferative approach.

Phytochemical study, an evaluation of the antioxidant potential and the antimicrobial activity of Inga semialata (Vell.) C. Mart. hydroalcohol extract.

Inga semialata (Vell.) C. Mart. belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is known for its therapeutic properties, highlighting its antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. The objective of the present work was to obtain crude extract leaves of Inga semialata, to identify and quantify active compounds, to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the crude extract in vitro, as well as to determine its antimicrobial activity. The crude extract was obtained by the maceration process. The identified and quantified of compounds present in the crude extract of Inga semialata was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. The evaluation of the antioxidant potential of the extract was realized by in vitro tests (DPPH, diacetate dichlorofluorescein test and nitric oxide test) and the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity was carried out using the minimum inhibitory concentration methodology.

Anti-inflammatory activity and identification of the Verbena litoralis Kunth crude extract constituents

Verbena litoralis is a plant popularly known as "gervãozinho-do-campo" in Portuguese. It is traditionally used for stomach, liver and gallbladder problems, and as an anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic. The goal of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the crude extract obtained from the aerial parts of V. litoralis by Ultra High Performance Liquid chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Tandem (UHPLC-MS/MS); assess the anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate fraction and of crude extract; and verify liver, kidney and pancreas damage. In this study, the chemical composition of the extract was identified via UHPLC/MS/MS, assessing the anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract and the acetate fraction in an induction model of the granulomatous tissue, as well as given liver, kidney and pancreas damage markers. Chlorogenic acid, luteolin, caffeic acid, apigenin, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid and quercetin were quantified in the extract. After the seven-day treatment, the granuloma of the animals treated with the plant extract and fraction presented values very close to the positive control (nimesulide). The V. litoralis crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction show anti-inflammatory activity similar to the nimesulide without evidence of liver, kidney and pancreas damage, which attributes the plant's pharmacological action to the flavonoids found.

Peanut leaf extract has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity but no acute toxic effects.

Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut) leaves have been popularly used for the treatment of insomnia and inflammation, but no toxicological study has been performed for this plant preparation. This study aimed to examine the phytochemical composition of peanut leaf hydroalcoholic extract (PLHE) and describe its potential toxic effects and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The qualitative chemical analysis of PLHE by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS allowed the identification of eight metabolites types (totaling 29 compounds). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay revealed that PLHE had strong antioxidant effects; it also exhibited nitric oxide (NO)-scavenging capacity. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed to PLHE showed no reduced cell viability or increased free double-stranded DNA, NO, or reactive species production. PLHE reversed the cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory (release of interleukin-1ß), and pro-oxidant effects of H2O2 on human PBMCs. Acute PLHE toxicity analysis was performed in vivo using the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 423 guidelines. PLHE single injection (2000 mg/kg, intragastric) did not cause mortality or morbidity or induce changes in hematological or biochemical parameters after 14 days of administration. Thus, PLHE could be a source of bioactive compounds and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties without elicitin cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in human PBMCs or acute toxicity in rats.

Topical formulation containing Ilex Paraguariensis extract increases metalloproteinases and myeloperoxidase activities in mice exposed to UVB radiation.

Ultraviolet B radiation represents 10% of the total UV radiation that reaches the Earth's surface, being the primary responsible for the biological effects related to skin cancer and photoaging. Ilex Paraguariensis A. St. Hil., known as Yerba mate (YM), is a native tree of South America whose polyphenols in its leaves are described to exhibit photochemoprotective effect and are employed in the treatment of cancer. Additionally, the polyphenols are used to prevent lipid peroxidation and reduce the UV-induced damage, which ultimately decreases the oxidative stress. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize a new YM extract, evaluate the extract cytotoxicity and develop a formulation containing YM extract to prevent UVB-induced damage in mice skin. The YM extract showed high levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins and exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. Its main components were suggested as chlorogenic acid (1.92%) and caffeic acid (0.41%). Besides, YM extract did not exhibit cytotoxicity in fibroblasts and decreased the activity of myeloperoxidase and metalloproteinase-2 after acute UVB exposure. As a result, the formulation containing the YM extract showed a potential photochemoprotective.

Acute and subacute toxicity and chemical constituents of the hydroethanolic extract of Verbena litoralis Kunth.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Verbena litoralis Kunth is a native species of South America, popularly known as gervãozinho-do-campo or erva-de-pai-caetano. It is used in gastrointestinal disorders, as detoxifying the organism, antifebrile properties and amidaglitis. AIM OF THE STUDY: To identify the chemical constituents of the hydroethanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of V. litoralis and to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity in male and female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The single dose (2000 mg/kg) of the extract was administered orally to male and female rats. In the subacute study the extract was given at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg during 28 days orally. Biochemical, hematological and histological analyzes were performed, oxidative stress markers were tested and chemical constituents were identified through UHPLC-ESI-HRMS RESULTS: Six classes of metabolites were identified: iridoids glycosides, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids-derived, phenylethanoid-derived, cinnamic acid-derived and triterpenes. In the acute treatment, the extract was classified as safe (category 5), according to the OECD guide. Our results demonstrated that subacute administration of the crude extract of V. litoralis at 400 mg/kg resulted in an increase in AST in males, whereas ALT enzyme showed a small increase in males that received 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract. CONCLUSIONS: The extract of the aerial parts of Verbena litoralis did not present significant toxicity when administered a single dose. However, when different doses were administered for 28 days, were observed changes in hematological, biochemical and histological parameters in rats.

Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Dolichandra unguis-cati L. leaves in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dolichandra unguis-cati L. is a native climbing plant of Brazil, popularly known as "unha de gato". It has been traditionally used mainly as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent, yet little toxicological information is found in the literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: To identify the chemical composition of the hydroethanolic extract obtained from the leaves of Dolichandra uniguis-cati and to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity in male and female rats, in order to assess the safety profile of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the acute study, a single dose (2000mg/kg) of the extract was orally administered to male and female rats. In the subacute study, the extract was orally administered to male and female rats at doses 100, 200 and 400mg/kg for 28 days. Behavioral changes, catalase and tbars evaluations, biochemical, hematological and histopathological analysis were determined. The extract' chemical composition was accessed through UHPLC/MS. RESULTS: Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillinic acid, p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, luteolin, apigenin, quercitrin and quercetin were identified in the extract. In the acute treatment, the extract was classified as safe (category 5), according to the OECD guide. In relation to the subacute study, females showed a reduction in AST (100, 200 and 400mg/kg), ALT (200mg/kg) and BUN (100 and 200mg/kg) levels, while male rats 400mg/kg presented an increase in AST levels. The Chol dosage significantly decreased in female rats in a dose-dependent manner, whereas for male rats this parameter showed no statistically significant reductions. No behavioral and histopathological changes were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the hydroethanolic extract of Dolichandra unguis-cati leaves did not present relevant toxic effects when administered orally to male and female rats. The extract also showed a potential hypocholesterolemic activity.

Antinociceptive activity and mechanism of action of hydroalcoholic extract and dichloromethane fraction of Amphilophium crucigerum seeds in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The medicinal plant generally known as monkey's comb (Amphilophium crucigerum) has been popularly described for the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain, specially seeds preparations. AIM OF THE STUDY: The goal of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of the crude extract (Crd) and dichloromethane fraction (Dcm) of A. crucigerum seeds, and investigate the involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor in this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Swiss mice were used in this study. The effects of Crd and Dcm was tested on capsaicin-induced Ca2+ influx or the specific binding of [3H]-resiniferatoxin. Moreover, after treatment with Crd or Dcm, animals were exposed to acute pain (hot water tail-flick and capsaicin intraplantar test) or chronic pain models (injection of complete Freund's adjuvant or partial ligation of the sciatic nerve). Acute adverse effects were also noted: locomotor activity, corporal temperature, hepatic or renal damage, gastrointestinal transit alteration, and ulcerogenic activity. RESULTS: The oral administration of Crd or Dcm resulted in an antinociceptive effect in the hot water tail-flick (48°C) and capsaicin intraplantar tests. Furthermore, these preparations exhibited antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in a chronic inflammatory pain model, and antinociceptive effects in a neuropathic pain model. Moreover, Crd and Dcm reduced capsaicin-induced Ca2+ influx and diminished the [3H]-resiniferatoxin specific binding to spinal cord membranes. Acute adverse events were not found with Crd or Dcm administration. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results support the analgesic effect of A. crucigerum and suggest the presence of compounds that may act as TRPV1 antagonists.

Traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, biological activity and toxicology of tropaeolum majus L: a review / Usos tradicionales, botánica, fitoquímica, actividad biológica y toxicología de tropaeolum majus L: una revisión

Tropaeolum majus presents medicinal, nutritional and ornamental value. Plant extracts and fractions have been found to exhibit diuretic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Moreover, protective effects on blood and liver, scurvy’s treatment, antithrombin activity and prevention against macular degeneration have also been observed. T. majus contains biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, glucosilonates, fatty acids, essential oil, chlorogenic acid, aminoacids, cucurbitacins, proteins and carotenoids. Acute and subchronic studies demonstrated a lack of toxic effects, but the extracts of this plant can have deleterious consequences during the pregnancy. The revised databases were SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Portal da Capes, considering studies between 1963 and 2014 and by searching for terms like Tropaeolum majus, Tropaeolaceae, Tropaeolum majus constituents, Tropaeolum majus use and Tropaeolum majus toxicity.

Tropaeolum majus presenta valor medicinal, alimenticio y ornamental. A partir del extracto y las fracciones de la planta se han encontrado actividades biológicas, que incluyen efecto diurético, antihipertensivo, anti-inflamatorio, antimicrobiano y antioxidante. Además, efectos protectores sobre la sangre y el hígado, tratamiento del escorbuto, actividad antitrombina y prevención contra la degeneración macular. T. majus contiene compuestos biológicamente activos como flavonoides, glucosilonates, ácidos grasos, aceite esencial, ácido clorogénico, aminoácidos, cucurbitacinas, proteínas y carotenoides. Estudios de toxicidad aguda y subcrónica demostraron una falta de efectos toxicológicos, pero los extractos de esta planta pueden tener consecuencias perjudiciales durante el embarazo. Las bases de datos revisadas fueron SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect y Portal da Capes, teniendo en cuenta los estudios entre 1963 y 2014 y mediante la búsqueda de términos como Tropaeolum majus, Tropaeolaceae, Tropaeolum majus constituyentes, Tropaeolum majus usos y Tropaeolum majus toxicidad.

Ovary and fruit morphology and anatomy of Amphilophium crucigerum

Abstract Amphilophium crucigerum (L.) L.G. Lohmann, known as “pente-de-macaco” is a species of Bignoniaceae native to Brazil, and whose seeds are used in folk medicine. This study aimed to describe morphoanatomical features of this species of fruit to aid in its correct identification and pharmacognostic analysis. Samples of ovary, pericarp and seed were fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde, sectioned on a rotary microtome and analyzed by stereomicroscope. The results are shown in three parts: (1) The ovary presents peltate trichomes, long non-glandular trichomes and emergences in the epidermis; it is 2-carpellate and unilocular with two intruding parietal placenta; ovules are numerous on the placenta; it presents a large quantity of crystals. (2) The pericarp is woody, densely echinate and elliptic shape; it presents a 2-valved capsule and is septicidal; it presents emergences, stomata, lenticels, crystals and a large quantity of clustered stones cells. (3) Seeds are alate, exalbuminate and exotestal; there is a large amount of crystals in the exotestal region; it presents an endothelium and remnant endosperm. Histochemical tests showed the presence of lipophilic substances, polysaccharides, phenolic substances, alkaloids and a small quantity of starch. These pharmacobotanical features described for A. crucigerum are essential for the pharmacognostic analysis of the drug plant.

Atividade anti-inflamatória e avaliação da toxicidade do extrato hidroetanólico de Morus alba (Moraceae) / Anti-inflammatory activity and biochemical parameters of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Morus alba (Moraceae)

No presente trabalho, avaliou-se a atividade anti-inflamatória do extrato hidroetanólico das folhas de Morus alba, através do modelo de indução de tecido granulomatoso e analisaram-se os efeitos toxicológicos sobre o fígado pela dosagem de AST e ALT e sobre o rim, pela dosagem de creatinina. O extrato hidroetanólico das folhas de M. alba foi administrado oralmente, três vezes ao dia, durante 6 dias. A nimesulida (5 mg/kg/dia) foi utilizada como controle positivo e o propilenoglicol 20% como controle negativo. Após o tratamento, foi avaliada a formação do granuloma e realizada a dosagem de AST, ALT e creatinina em todos os grupos. Os animais tratados com o extrato de M. alba apresentaram inibição do processo inflamatório de 20,24 ± 6,94%, enquanto que os tratados com controle positivo apresentaram 21,42 ± 6,52%. O extrato hidroetanólico de M. alba demonstrou atividade anti-inflamatória semelhante à nimesulida com ausência de indícios de hepatotoxicidade e nefrotoxicidade.

In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of a hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Morus alba (white mulberry) was assessed in a model of granulomatous tissue induction and the toxicological effects on the liver were analyzed by assaying AST and ALT, and those on the kidney by determining creatinine. The hydroethanolic leaf extract was administered orally three times a day six days. Nimesulide (5 mg /kg/day) was used as a positive control and 20% propylene glycol as a negative control. After the 6-day treatment, granuloma formation was assessed and the levels of AST, ALT and creatinine assayed in all groups. Animals treated with the extract showed inflammation inhibition of 20.24 ± 6.94%, while those treated with positive control showed 21.42 ± 6.52%. The hydroethanolic extract of M. alba thus exhibited anti-inflammatory activity similar to nimesulide, with an absence of hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity.

Atividade Antimicrobiana e Citotoxicidade do extrato bruto obtido de Morus Alba L. (Moraceae) / Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of crude extract obtained of Morus Alba L. (Moraceae)

O presente trabalho avaliou a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato hidroetanólico e frações hexânica, clorofórmica, acetato de etila e butanólica das folhas de Morus alba L. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada frente à Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus e Prothoteca zophii. As frações que apresentaram melhores respostas para a atividade antimicrobiana foram acetato de etila e clorofórmica com CIM de 256 ?g/mL. Não foi possível detectar atividade antimicrobiana para Aspergillus fumigatus em nenhuma das concentrações testadas. A citotoxidade do extrato hidroetanólico foi avaliada através de culturas de células de ovário de hamster chinês (CHO) e células do tecido conectivo de camundongo (NCTC) clone 929, determinando o índice de citotoxidade (IC50). O IC50 foi de 0,34 mg/mL para as células CHO e 3,24 mg/mL para as células NCTC 929. De modo geral, as frações acetato de etila e clorofórmica das folhas de M. alba L. apresentaram moderada atividade antimicrobiana e o extrato bruto demonstrou ação citotóxica in vitro frente as células CHO e NCTC 929.

This study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of hydroethanolic extract and hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions from Morus alba L. leaves. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Prothoteca zophii. The fractions that better responded the antimicrobial activity were ethyl acetate and chloroform with CIM of 256 ?g/mL. It was unable to detect antimicrobial activity for Aspergillus fumigatus in the tested concentrations. The cytotoxicity of the hydroethanolic extract was evaluated by cell cultures of chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and connective tissue of mouse clone 929 (NCTC), determining the level of cytotoxicity (IC50). The IC50 obtained was 0.34 mg/mL for CHO and 3.24 mg/ml for NCTC 929 cells. In general, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions from M. alba L. leaves showed moderate antimicrobial activity and its extract presented in vitro cytotoxicity against CHO and NCTC 929 cells.

Acaricide activity of leaves extracts of Sambucus australis Schltdl. (Caprifoliaceae) at 2 percent on engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / Atividade acaricida de extratos de folhas de Sambucus australis Schltdl (Caprifoliaceae) a 2 por cento sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Parasite infections caused by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus are responsible for the most of economic losses in producing-cattle countries in tropical and subtropical areas. Indiscriminate uses of chemical acaricides have contributed with the appearance of tick resistance to many drugs available in the marketplace, and it is a serious problem in the tick control. Flowers of Sambucus australis (South America), called "sabugueiro-from-Brazil", are used on infusions or decoctions forms in the folk medicine with diuretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and laxative purpose, also employed for treating respiratory diseases in human. The main goal of this study was to evaluate in vitro potential of S. australis leaves extracts as an acaricide agent. Ethanol extract at 70 percent has been dehydrated and a fraction was suspended in 70 percent ethanol or in distillated water at final concentration of 2 percent (0.2mg-1). Using the immersion test of engorged females the efficiency results were obtained in 34 percent and 66 percent with the leaves extract diluted in water and 70 percent ethanol, respectively. This study is the first report on acaricidal activity of S. australis against cattle tick. Further studies to determine the active metabolites in different stages of S. australis could aid to identify suitable extracts to be tested in the R. (B.) microplus control.

A infestação por Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas em países produtores de bovinos nas áreas tropicais e subtropicais. Usos indiscriminados de acaricidas químicos têm contribuído para o aparecimento da resistência dos ixodídeos a múltiplas drogas, representando um sério problema no controle de carrapatos. As flores da planta Sambucus australis, conhecidas pelo nome popular de sabugueiro do Brasil, são usadas, na forma de infusão ou emplastros, na medicina popular como diurético, antipirético, antiinflamatório e laxativo; também empregado no tratamento de doenças respiratórias em humanos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial in vitro de extratos de folhas de S. australis, como agente carrapaticida. O extrato etanólico a 70 por cento foi dessecado e retomado parte em etanol a 70 por cento ou em água destilada, numa concentração final de 2 por cento (0,2mg-1). No biocarrapaticidograma obteve-se resultados de eficácia entre 34 por cento e 66 por cento para o extrato de folhas diluído em água e etanol a 70 por cento, respectivamente. Esse estudo é o primeiro relato de ação carrapaticida de S. australis. Estudos adicionais para determinar os metabólitos ativos, em diferentes estágios de S. australis, fornecerão subsídios para identificar os extratos apropriados a serem testados no controle do R. (B.) microplus.

Atividade acaricida in vitro de Glechon spathulata Benth. sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / Acaricide activity in vitro of Glechon spathulata Benth. On engorged females of Rhipcephalus (Boophilus) microplus

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade acaricida in vitro de extratos vegetais de Glechon spathulata (manjeroninha do campo) sobre teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Fêmeas ingurgitadas desse carrapato foram coletadas de bovinos mestiços de uma propriedade do município de São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A experimentação in vitro consistiu na realização de testes de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas. O extrato bruto seco e a fração clorofórmica utilizados nos testes in vitro foram preparados na concentração de 2 por cento e diluídos em água e etanol, sendo todos os tratamentos realizados em triplicata. O extrato bruto seco de G. spathulata retomado em etanol a 70 por cento apresentou uma eficácia média de 99 por cento, enquanto que quando o mesmo extrato foi diluído em água, demonstrou eficácia média de 72 por cento. Observou-se que no controle etanol a 70 por cento houve diferença na eclodibilidade dos ovos, porém não interferiu no peso da postura. A fração clorofórmica de G. spathulata não apresentou eficácia no ensaio efetuado. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo demonstraram que o extrato hidroetanólico a 70 por cento de G. spathulata apresenta eficácia acaricida in vitro. Este estudo é o primeiro relato de ação acaricida de G. spathulata.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricide efficiency of Glechon spathulata extracts on engorged females of Rhipcephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Engorged ticks were collected from crossbred cattle from one farm in São Pedro do Sul municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. in vitro experiments consisted on the immersion tests of engorged females in solutions of G. spathulata, where treatments were made at triplicate with fractions and extracts at 2 percent concentration, diluted in water and ethanol. Crude dry extract of G. spathulata suspended in 70 percent ethanol presented an efficiency average of 99 percent, while the same extract diluted in water demonstrated efficiency average of 72 percent. It was observed in 70 percent ethanol control difference in egg eclodibility; however there was no interference in egg weight. The chloroform fraction of G. spathulata showed no efficacy in the test. The results obtained suggest that the hydroethanolic extract at 70 percent of G. spathulata has significant acaricide activity in vitro. This research is the first communication of acaricidal effect of. G. spathulata.

Ação acaricida in vitro de Tropaeolum majus sob teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / in vitro acaricidal effect of Tropaeolum majus on the engorged female of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

O objetivo desse estudo foi o de avaliar a eficácia acaricida in vitro do extrato aquoso e etanólico a 70 por cento da Tropaeolum majus em teleóginas do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Extrato das partes aéreas (caule e folhas) e de flores foram testados na concentração final de 2 por cento. A coleta de teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus foi realizada em propriedades do município de São Francisco de Assis e São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O extrato das partes aéreas em etanol a 70 por cento alcançou eficácia de 99,1 por cento. Esse estudo é o primeiro relato de ação carrapaticida de Tropaeolum majus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricide effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tropaeolum majus on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus engorged females. Extracts from the aerial parts (stems and leaves) and from the flowers were tested at a final concentration of 2 percent. The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus engorged females were collected in farms in two municipalities (São Francisco de Assis and São Pedro do Sul), in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. An efficacy of 99,1 percent was found using extract of aerial parts in ethanol at 70 percent. This is the first report of acaricidal effect of Tropaeolum majus.

Estudo morfoanatômico das folhas de Cuphea glutinosa Cham. & Schltdl., Lythraceae / Morpho-anatomical study of the leaves of Cuphea glutinosa Cham. et Schltdl. (Lythraceae)

Adeterminação de características macro e microscópicas das folhas de Cuphea glutinosa Cham. & Schltdl., Lythraceae, foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Esta planta é utilizada tradicionalmente como medicinal. As características macroscópicas das folhas como a forma, a textura e a consistência, bem como o ápice e a base da lâmina foliar são relevantes na determinação da autenticidade de insumos farmacêuticos desta espécie. Microscopicamente a presença de formações epicuticulares, cristais de oxalato de cálcio na forma de drusas, tricomas tectores e glandulares, estômatos do tipo diacítico, células mucilaginosas e floema interxilemático são características úteis no controle botânico de qualidade desta planta como insumo farmacêutico, quando analisados em conjunto.

The determination of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of Cuphea glutinosa Cham. & Schltdl., Lythraceae, leaves were the aim of this work. This plant is traditionally used as medicinal. The macroscopic characteristics of the leaves as the shape, texture and consistency as well as the apex and the base of the leaf are relevant to determinate pharmaceutical insumes autenticity of this plant. In the leaves microscopy there are epicuticular formations, crystals of calcium oxalate in the form of druses, and glandular trichomes, xerophytytic stoma of the diacytic type, mucilaginous cells, and interxilematic phloem are important characteristics in the botanical quality control of this plant as pharmaceutical insume.

Morfonatomia do caule de Cuphea glutinosa Cham. & Schltdl. (Lythraceae) / Morpho-anatomy of the stem of Cuphea glutinosa Cham & Schltdl. (Lythraceae)

Foram determinados parâmetros morfo-anatômicos do caule de Cuphea glutinosa cham. & Schltdl, planta reconhecida tradicionalmente como medicinal, objetivando sua autenticidade como insumo farmacêutico. As características macroscópicas do caule são insuficientes para a determinação da autenticidade dos insumos farmacêuticos desta planta, havendo necessidade de verificar a presença de sementes não aladas e de vesículas infraestaminais nas flores. Microscopicamente a presença de formações epicuticulares, cristais de oxalato de cálcio na forma de drusas, tricomas tectores e glandulares, estômatos xerofíticos, células mucilaginosas e floema interxilemático, são características significativas no controle botânico de qualidade desta espécie para a indústria farmacêutica, quando analisadas em conjunto.

Morpho-anatomical parameters of Cuphea glutinosa cham. & Schltdl, stem were determined aiming its authenticity as a pharmaceutical drug. This plant is traditionally known as medicinal. The macroscopic characteristics of the stem are insuficient to determine the autenticity of this plant pharmaceutics input, it requires checking out the presence of not winged seeds and vesicles placed under the stamens of the flowers. Microscopically, the presence of epicuticular formations, crystals of calcium oxalato in druses form, glandular and non-glandular thricomes, xerophytic stomatas, mucilages cells and interxilematic phloem are meaningful characteristics in the botanical quality control of this plant for the pharmaceutical industry, when analyzed together.

Atividade antibacteriana, antioxidante e tanante de subprodutos da uva / Antibacterial, antioxidant and tanning activity of grape by-product

O objetivo neste trabalho foi determinar-se in vitro a atividade antibacteriana, antioxidante e tanante de subprodutos da uva (Vitis vinifera) para seu aproveitamento como ingredientes alternativos na indústria avícola e na conservação de alimentos. Compostos polares foram extraídos da semente de uva desengordurada, em solução contendo acetona, água e ácido acético, resultando em 10,3 por cento de rendimento de extrato de semente de uva desengordurada (ESUD). O ESUD apresentou alta atividade antibacteriana in vitro contra cepas de S. aureus e E. coli, mas não contra cepas de Salmonella sp. A atividade antioxidante do ESUD foi comparável ao ácido ascórbico. A atividade tanante foi considerada baixa para a semente de uva e alta para o ESUD.

The aim of this research was to determine in vitro the antibacterial, antioxidant and tanning activity from grape by-products (Vitis vinifera), for its use as alternative ingredients in the poultry industry and food conservation. Polar compound had been extracted of the defatted grape seed (SUD) in a solution with acetone, water and acetic acid, in the 90: 9.5: 0.5 ratio respectively, resulting in a yield of 10.3 percent of defatted grape seed extract (ESUD). ESUD has high antibacterial activity against strains of S. aureus and E. coli, but not against Salmonella sp. The antioxidant activities of the ESUD had comparable to the ascorbic acid. The capacity to bind proteins was considered low for the seed and high for the ESUD.